A Closer Look on the Religious Liberty in the United States Essay

A Closer Look on the Religious Liberty in the United States - Essay Example The primary focus of this discussion is the free exercise clause and the establishment clause of the amendment. Several scholars had provided different positions regarding the amendment of the constitution and its practical and legal ramifications. Some scholars have highlighted the pitfalls of the implementation of the free exercise clause since it has been used by some individuals as shield against the law by using the notion of religious liberty as cover to their practices that is deemed by others as a criminal activity. Other scholars also suggest that religious liberty is an impossible ideal, targeting the lack of a concrete definition of what a religion is. In order to gain a broader knowledge on the concept of religious liberty as well as to develop a more in-depth understanding on the first amendment, the above said positions will be examined through the course of this paper. According to the Religious Liberty in American Law, the relation of religion and law in the United St ates may be summarized as follows; the government cannot establish a religion or church under the law, the people have the freedom of conscience in matters of religious belief and worship, citizens cannot be discriminated or be subjected to any form of legal preference based on different forms of religion (Bates 538). The citizens cannot be compelled to join any religious worship as well as contribute money in support to the religious institution, Public funds of any state may not be used or appropriated for the support of any religious organization, Religious tests cannon be established as a requirement to hold a public position, to have the right to vote, to be a juror or a witness in court proceedings and for any state policies and functions. The civil rights of a person cannot be reduced or altered based on his religious views and beliefs. All forms of religious beliefs are also given equal protection under the law. The law also states that everyone is guaranteed of religious li berty as long as it does not interfere with peace, good order, and the morals of society. Separation of the church and state, in terms of civil and ecclesiastical functions, is also stated in the first amendment (539). With the understanding of the provisions of the law, the first position may be addressed through the use of past court orders made for cases that involved the concept of religious freedom. The limitations of religious liberty can also be addressed through the examples. According to Chester Antinaeu (221), the freedom of religion provides individual a preferred position in the hierarchy of socio-legal values though it is not absolute. Based on the proposition of Justice Black, a well-organized society cannot allow any individual to make a final decision on everything that he will do or not do that is free from his liabilities to the state. Thus individuals that practice their religious freedom are still subjected to conduct themselves to abide obediently to the laws of the state that are designed to protect the welfare of the society from any form of threats to danger. Thus for societies that are politically organized such as the United States, the judiciary department carries the burden of delimiting the fundamental freedoms that are given to its citizens (221). Historical jurisprudence had been a key guide in determining the limits of the religious freedom. On the early years of the law, an accused claimed that by the virtue of his religious freedom, he was exempted from the statute of the state that forbids polygamy. This may be a norm the members of the Jesus of Latter Day Saints in practicing their

Uses of Statistics in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Uses of Statistics in the Workplace Essay Statistics is defined by Bennett, Briggs, Triola (2009), as â€Å"the science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data† (p. 1). Almost every profession uses statistics in some way to guide in making good decisions based on current research. The nursing profession relies heavily on current research to guide patient care with the integration of evidenced-based practice. Statistics provide valuable information to caregivers to help them understand, plan, evaluate, and improve the quality of patient care. In the acute care hospital setting there are ongoing measurements of such things as patient satisfaction, hand washing compliance rates, catheter acquired urinary tract infections, and central access infection rates, just to name a few. The collection of this data involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and levels of measurements. Acute care hospitals use descriptive statistics in many ways. Descriptive statistics describes raw data in the form of samples or graphs (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). One area in which they are used in the hospital is to evaluate hand washing compliance of health care providers. According to Vincent (2003), nosocomial infections occur in approximately 30% of patients in the intensive care setting and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Research shows that effective hand washing can prevent many hospital acquired infections (Vitez, 2010). In the hospital setting, hand washing compliance is monitored on an ongoing basis. Health care workers who come in contact with patients are observed by an unidentified member of the staff who monitors the subject upon entering and leaving a patient room. Hand hygiene can be performed by either by washing with soap and water or use of hand sanitizers. The expectation is that the subject will wash their hands upon entering the room and upon leaving the room. The subject must be monitored both entering and leaving the room for the observation to be included in the data. Initial hand washing data showed poor staff compliance. Employees were lacking in hand hygiene and putting patients at risk (Vitez, 2010). Based on the results of early observations, a plan was implemented to increase staff compliance. Education was provided to increase awareness of the importance of hand washing and frequent reminders are given in the form of screen saver messages and signs posted at the entrance of every room. Interventions have also been implemented such as conveniently placing hand sanitizer containers outside of every room and throughout the hallways of the institution. Recent monthly hand hygiene compliance rates are generated and have improved to 85% -90% hospital wide. Use of these descriptive statistics using raw data on hand hygiene rates has been an important tool in increasing awareness of the importance of hand hygiene to the overall safety of our patients. Hospitals are safety and quality driven. Several research studies have shown a direct relation to the skill and education of the nursing staff and a decrease in mortality (McHugh Lake, 2010). Inferential statistics involves making predictions based on information obtained in a smaller sample (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). This information and the inference of better patient outcomes have prompted many hospitals to require nursing staff to attain a bachelor’s of science in nursing. The research suggests a positive correlation between critical thinking skills and nurses with a bachelor’s of science degree and positive patient outcomes (McHugh Lake, 2010). The institution where I am employed, and many institutions in our tri-state area, is using the findings of these inferential statistics to require that all nurses in their employ obtain a bachelor’s of science in nursing in an effort to provide patients with the best possible outcome. Those in the health care profession, and those involved in nursing research, have many uses for the four levels of measurement in statistics. The four levels of measurement in statistics include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). The nominal level of measurement is the simplest level of measurement that involves variables, or labels, to classify data in a qualitative way (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Nominal variables include such things as categories of people, race, gender, or age. In the hospital setting, the nominal level of measurement is used most obviously when completing a patient history which asks the patients name, sex, marital status, and blood type. The ordinal level of measurement assesses data incrementally and puts data in order either from low to high or high to low in a ranking system (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). This level of measurement is used in the hospital setting to measure pain perception and in patient satisfaction surveys. There has been increasing emphasis on the use of patient satisfactions surveys to assess the quality of health care and many facilities have implemented improvement projects in relation to such things as reception skills, food services, housekeeping, and reorganization of hospital discharge procedures (Gray, Richmond, Ebbage, 2010). These scores reflect the patient’s subjective perception of their hospital experience and his or her likeliness to recommend the facility to family members and friends. Ordinal levels of measurement are also used to rank hospital performance in several areas including hospital acquired infections and readmission rates (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d. ). These rankings are reported to the public and may influence a health care consumer in their decision of where to seek their medical care. Interval levels of measurement apply quantitative data in meaningful intervals without reference to ratios and no set point for zero; variables within this level of measurement are assessed at equal intervals (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). The obvious example in the health care field of an interval level of measurement would be that of a thermometer or a calendar. Using the hand hygiene information mentioned earlier, the information is presented to the staff using a grading system that is broken down into intervals. Each interval is identified by a color. The scale begins at 60%. Units with a compliance ranking of 60-79% are given the color red. Units with a compliance ranking of 80-89% are given the color yellow. Green is given to any unit that has a hand washing compliance ranking of 90% or greater. This interval level of measurement ranks each unit and allows them to compare their rankings with other units in the facility. As incentive for improvement, departments with consistent compliance rankings of 90% or above have been given rewards such as gift cards and luncheons. Ratio levels of measurement are similar to interval levels but a zero point does exist (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Ratio levels of measurement apply to quantitative data characterized by intervals that are assessed incrementally with equal distances between the increments (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). In the hospital setting, nurses routinely use ratio levels of measurement such as the patients weight, height, temperature, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. In conclusion, numerous statistics are collected and analyzed in the health care setting. Accurate statistics provide information regarding patient satisfaction, patient safety, and patient outcomes. Using this information to identify areas for improvement, planning, and implementing changes in care and practice will improve the quality of care, decrease morbidity, and improve patient outcomes.

Class and Social structure :: essays research papers

This week in class we dealt with the subject of varying types of social structures. To start there are open and closed systems. An open systems allows for an individual to move up or down in society where as the closed system allows for no mobility. The only closed system I am familiar with is the caste system in India. In a closed social system you are born into your class and that is the same one you will grow up in. While discussing this subject it would be helpful to define class in the manner we did as a group: class, in this context, is unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. In contrast to a class system an egalitarian system has equal access to these aspects of living. A rank system only has unequal access to prestige and, as discussed in class, is seen in Pacific Islanders, and some Native Americans in the North and Southwest. Although the US social system is open we tend to stay in the same class. It is said that the head of the household dictates the cl ass. Many problems in this country circulate around the problem that there is very little mobility in class in the United States however, in Japan, Italy, and Germany there is even less mobility. At first one may feel it is less of a problem in the United States yet, I disagree. In the sense of social structure I do not think you can really compare two separate nations and draw conclusions about one based on the other because there are too many factors that make up a society. Social history, dispersion of race as well as religion, and the difference between the classes all need to be taken into great consideration. Even though I am not very familiar with the European social structure I do know that in America there is an enormous gap between upper, middle and lower classes. The top 1% of our economic bracket controls a little under 50% of the money in America. That fact is amazing to me and I found it in a document named â€Å"People like us: Social class in America† by, Paul Fussel. Another reason this inequality in America is such a big deal is because The United States of America is an institution based on ideals. A culmination of these ideals is commonly represented in the faà §ade of the American Dream: A person can determine his or her own destiny and with a little bit of know how and determination they can rise from rags to riches.

Act Three Scene Three of Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay examples --

Act Three Scene Three of Journey's End Journey's end, written in 1918, is a short play set in the trenches of World War One. The English trench is opposite a German trench with only sixty or so yards of 'no mans land' between them. The play tries to show the reality of war through ideas or comradeship and the way that the characters interact under pressure of everyday life in the trenches. The play also displays ideas of heroism through respect for other soldiers or characters. Overall it is the horror of war itself that is conveyed in this play, shown mainly through death and the lifestyle that had to be lead. Act three Scene three is the very last scene of the play. From almost the very beginning we have known that an attack from the German army is to be expected. However, the characters in the play are not sure when it will take place or in what form. As the attack could transpire at any given moment the tension is high throughout the play. This is not the only anxiety in the script at the beginning of Act three Scene three. Raleigh and Stanhope, the plays two most prominent characters, have had a large argument about the death of a mutual friend, which they do not resolve before the beginning of this scene. The strain between these two characters has been immense for the duration of the play. They were previously well acquainted but Stanhope feared that Raleigh, a recent member to the company, would think badly of him as he has become an alcoholic, and therefore refuses to acknowledge him as a friend, but just a colleague. Raleigh has found this very hard to accept. The audience is not only expecting the attack, but also for Stanhope and Raleigh to clear the air once and for all so they can re... ...is about working successfully with others in one big machine. If the parts of that machine do not work together then it will break down. He also wanted to portray the absolute horror and injustice that war has to offer. He does this extremely successfully as he makes the audience feel encapsulated in the whole experience of war. Even though he is telling them what it is like, he leaves freedom for them to develop their own view on it. Overall, I think that R.C.Sherriff was trying to say that the human side of war is futile. Nobody wins, a lot of people die without accomplishing a great deal, and from whatever angle you chose to look at it, the whole idea is pointless, causing more pain than is necessary. Should all this commotion be vital, just to gain another thirty metres, which will most probably be return to the rightful owner in due time anyway?

Children and Play

D1, D2, D3 There are many different settings where children can play. Children from a very young age can go to a baby room and after the baby room, children can go to pre-school nursery and then they can go to school. In my assignment these are the three settings I will be talking about. In a baby room the age range would be 9 months to 1 year old. The stage of play for this age range is solitary play. In solitary play children play on their own, totally independent from adults or other children. In a pre-school nursery the age range would be from 3 to 4 years old. There are 3 different stages of play this age range would be at. These are parallel, associative and co-operative play. Parallel play is when a child is playing along aside another child, but not playing with the other children. Associative play is when children share their materials and they talk to one and other. They all have different ideas of what they want to do and play. Co-operative play is when a child plays within a group and fully interacts with the other children. They also share their resources. In a school the age range is 5 to 11 years old. The stage of play the children are at is co-operative play, (see above for co-operative play). In a baby room the play that takes place is physical play. Physical play may include crawling and walking. Some children may be picking up objects, e. g. rattles and sucking toys.

Hubris- Antigone Essays

Hubris- Antigone Essays Hubris- Antigone Paper Hubris- Antigone Paper Essay Topic: Antigone Burial Rites In order to demonstrate pride, one must display self- respect and dignity towards themselves or to the cause he or she feels strongly towards. To take pride in something means to have diligence and persistence in the task he or she believes in. Although those who seek to live their lives with this sense of pride believe that they are living an honest and just life, others may assume that he or she may be displaying overconfidence and arrogance by living their life with excessive amounts of hubris. Expressing confidence and a sense of pride or hubris throughout one’s life can often be seen as being a flaw and may come across as being haughty and stubborn, especially if their pride is excessive. Displaying pride isn’t necessarily a bad attribute, but I can lead others to believe the one displaying hubris is almost asking for attention, whether it be negative or positive attention. This notion of constantly trying to demonstrate excessive pride is consistently demonstrated in the play Antigone written by Sophocles. Throughout the play, the character Antigone constantly challenges the audience with her overconfident actions that may cause them to wonder if her actions are only to gain attention and seem suicidal or if her excessive pride is just a tragic flaw she must demonstrate in order to resolve an even larger conflict. Her actions may seem extreme and even suicidal, but in the end they are that of a tragic hero and all go towards an even greater cause for the sake of her family. For a character to be a tragic hero, he or she must meet the expectations of s certain criteria that is seen throughout many Greek tragedies. A tragic hero must be of noble stature. The character must occupy a high status within the play but must also embody nobility as a part of their innate character. They can’t be seen as perfect because the audience must be able to identify with them. A tragic hero cannot be too good or too bad. A very huge aspect in being a tragic hero is that he or she must have a tragic flaw or downfall that is acted upon due to free choice due to a personality flaw or hamartia he or she possesses. Hamartia leads to the fall of someone of noble status caused by some excess or mistake in behavior. This decision usually leads to the hero’s demise. They are punished for their actions and their punishment usually exceeds their crime. Their fall does not go un- noticed. It usually causes awareness and a gain in self- knowledge and discovery among other characters within the play. All of these aspects can be seen throughout the play Antigone and are demonstrated by the character Antigone herself. Instead of being seen as making rash decisions that may seem suicidal to others, her actions all fall within the criteria of being tragically flawed. She is a tragic hero and has to act on how she feels. The play, Antigone, is centered on previous characters form other plays written by Sophocles, such as Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus. Immediately, Sophocles makes it know to the audience who the tragic hero is within the play due to a difficult challenge or hurdle he or she has got to face. Antigone takes place in the city and countryside of Thebes. After a civil war both of Antigone’s brothers, Polyneices and Etocles are killed by each other while at war. Creon, the new ruler of Thebes and uncle to both, has declared that Eteocles will be honored and Polyneices disgraced. The rebel brothers body will not be sanctified by holy rites, and will lay unburied, which goes against what the gods expect after someone dies. He also forbids others to try and attempt a burial for Polyneices. Creon’s decree sparks defiance within Antigone, who is of high social position within the play. After being informed on what will happened to Polyneices body by her sister Ismene, Antigone immediately expresses her feelings to rebel against Creon’s law. Due to her excessive pride, which may seem stubborn and extreme, she knows she must act against Creon’s wishes and knows that challenging Creon could result in death. Her sister, Ismene, takes a completely opposing stance within the play. She warns Antigone that she could be terribly punished by saying, â€Å"we are both women† and they should â€Å"not battle against men†. Ismene is warning that not only is she much weaker physically and influentially than a man, but for a woman to challenge a man is looked down upon and should be avoided. Antigone knows that not burying her brother, â€Å"will keep her from dying nobly†, which justifies her actions against Creon. Although she knows full well the consequences of burying her brother, Antigone knows she must act because it’s the right thing to do. Her reasons are noble and righteous in the eyes of the gods. She knows that she will pay with her life but still chooses to risk it for the proper burial of her brother. Her hubris and pride demonstrate that following her beliefs in the gods is more important n Creon’s decree. Creon soon learns of Antigone’s actions and actually gives her a chance to lie about them, but due to her hubris and tragic flaw, Antigone reveals her actions and willingly accepts her punishment. She does not think that Creon is in any position to surpass the gods. She does not believe, â€Å"Creon, a mortal, could overstep gods’ written and unshakable traditions. † Creon is outraged by her defiance and now considers her to be a slave and sentencing her to death by saying, â€Å"she is not allowed to think big. † He then sentences her to be imprisoned in cave where she will await death. Antigone acts brash for a final time by ending her own life, instead of waiting for her to the by someone else. She is found hanging in the cave. Even though she committed suicide, Antigone’s actions were not suicidal. Throughout the entire play, Antigone acted because she felt strongly towards something. It was evident from the very beginning that she would face death if she acted but knew that is she didn’t act she would be acting unjustly towards her brother. Her stubbornness and independence not only led to her demise but also as to how she would die. Antigone was aware and in control of her future even at the time of her imprisonment. She knew she would die but decided to die on her own terms and in the way she say fit. Her pride and hubris have led to her downfall. She was torn between loyalties, but knew ultimately that her loyalty lay with the gods and with her brother. Like most tragic heroes, Antigone’s actions and death brought about a change in awareness and self- knowledge among another character. Creon was if not the same then more arrogant and prideful than Antigone. He believed that his decree could overstep the gods due to his status and because he held such a grudge against Polyneices. Creon is warned that â€Å"stubborn self-will incurs a charge of stupidity† and that he should reconsider his options, but Creon demonstrates the same stubborn, prideful tendencies as Antigone and refuses to listen to anyone else. After sentencing Antigone to death, Creon learns from a prophet that if he didn’t change his decisions or behavior, he too would die, but even then, it was too late. After trying to release Antigone, Creon soon discovers that she and his son, Haemon who was to marry Antigone, have both taken their lives. Due to Antigone’s actions and defiance, Creon has transformed from a proud ruler of Thebes to a defeated, grief-stricken mortal. Antigone’s story teaches the audience that maintaining balance and a calm manner in our actions I key, no matter the situations. Her decisions her bold and brash, but in no way make her suicidal. He felt strongly towards something and knew that she must act against it, even if that meant facing death. Her flawed pride and ego may have led to her demise, but in the process she was able to defend her loyalty towards her brother by honoring him and honoring the position of the gods. Antigone is portrayed more as a martyr than as being suicidal. Even though she is given an opportunity to lie about her actions, Antigone knows that it wouldn’t be the right thing to do and dies for a just cause.

The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay Essays

The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay Essays The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay Paper The Human Service Movement Social Work Essay Paper After the World War II, there was an of import portion of the legislative which is the National Mental Act of 1946. For more than 50 old ages, since its constitution was authorized by Congress in 1946, the National Institute of Mental Health ( NIMH ) has created, shaped, and implemented the attitudes toward, policies for, and intervention response to the mentally sick in the United States ( Judd, 1998 ) . They had the financess that were available to back up research instructions and instruction to assist the people with mental unwellnesss. In 1955, the Mental Health Study Act was passed. This act called for surveies that focus on major issues in the mental wellness Fieldss. They had promoted research preparation in find in the encephalon and behavioural scientific disciplines, charting mental unwellness flights to find when, where, and how to step in, and develop new and better intercessions thatA incorporateA the diverse demands and fortunes of people with mental unwellnesss ( Nati onal Institute of Mental Health, 2012 ) . This led to the Mental Health Act of 1955 to originate the transition of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 26 ) . From this act it unfolded to political stairss towards the Community Mental Health Centers of 1963. In 1963, determination led to the transition of the Community Mental Health Centers. The centre was a topographic point to promote active user engagement in the development of mental wellness policy that has seen an increased focal point on coaction and the development of partnerships between service users and professionals within community mental wellness services ( Elstad A ; Hellzen, 2010 ) . They gain more cognition about people with mental jobs populating in a community. The intent of the statute law was to be able to make out, advocate, and supply services that are organize to be offer to the community centres ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 26 ) . Community Mental Health Centers Acts were intended for altering the society as a whole and by work outing what societal jobs there were. After the Community Mental Health Centers Act we got into the other legislative Acts of the Apostless that were developed in the field of human service such as the Economic Opportunity Act and the Schneurer Sub-professional Career Act. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was the focal point of the battle against war on poorness in which was an of import portion of statute law that had an impact in the field of human services. The intent for this act was to supply instruction to grownups, supply occupation preparations and loansA to assist little concerns because of the unemployment and poorness rate. The aim was to assist the hapless by enabling them to draw themselves from the clasp of poorness. In 1966, the Schneuer Sub-professional Career Act was put into topographic point to supply the chance for the disadvantage to come in into new occupations in the mental wellness field. Harmonizing to Harris, Maloney and Rother, during these formal preparation pupils learned the accomplishments necessary to work with assortment of clients and other wellness professionals ( pg. 26 ) . This led to the act to open up more doors for people to passage to other Fieldss in mental wellness. The National Organization for Human Service Education ( NOHSE ) and Council for Standards in Human Service Education ( CSHSE ) were to promote best patterns for fixing human service workers. Although these two groups portion common ends, they do function different intents. NOHSE has to guarantee medium is available for coaction and cooperation among pupils, practicians, and their bureaus, and module ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 31 ) . They had to better the instruction of human service pupils and professionals by cultivating model instruction and research patterns and by course of study development ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 31 ) . The other two chief intents harmonizing to Harris, Maloney and Rother, was by abetting and supplying aid to other organisations at local, province, and national degrees, and to better human service instruction and bringing through conferences, institutes, publications and symposia ( pg. 31 ) . This organisation was developed to function the demands of the module. The Council for Standards in Human Service Education in 1979 via from the National Institute for Mental Health grants ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 31 ) . They are deliberately general to strike a balance between clearly stated rules and adequate flexibleness to avoid restraining natural diverseness among plans for pupils ( CSHSE, 2012 ) . Under the CSHSE there are the five maps ( Harris, Maloney, A ; Rother, pg. 32 ) : Standard for developing plans at the associate s and baccalaureate grade degrees. Review and acknowledge plans that meet criterions. Sponsoring module development workshops in course of study design, plan policymaking, resource development, plan rating, and other countries. Offering critical and informational aid to plans seeking to better the quality and relevancy of their preparation. Printing a quarterly bulletin to maintain plans informed of Council activities, developing information and resources, and issues and tendencies in human service instruction. In the field of human services, these statute laws will go on to better from its historical traditions through the cognition, accomplishments and values we gain from it. The attempts of these Acts of the Apostless in the human service field will merely supply quality educational plans that will germinate as a direct consequence of the plan blessing progresses. We need human service professionals who will be able to give people that sort of aid that are needed to acquire by. Laws that will assist protect the people with mental unwellnesss.

truman s harry essays

truman s harry essays Truman was a simple honest man. His impact on world history however was much more than simple. In his life he would take part in both world wars and serve two terms in office as Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884. His full name was Harry S. Truman. The S did not stand for anything but was put there to appease his two relatives whos names started with s. He was the eldest of three children with a younger brother Vivian, and a younger sister Mary Jane. His parents were not rich but his mother, Martha Ellen Young Truman, always found that money was there for piano lessons or books. Truman moved to Independence when he was six. He went to the Presbyterian Church and attended Sunday school (he met his future wife Elizabeth Wallace here). Truman began school at eight years of age. His two passions, reading and music, helped him gain a strong education and high grades. His large glasses and vast knowledge also alienated himself from other children. After graduating in 1901, his future was unclear. His poor eyesight barred him from military service and his families financial situation would not allow him to go on to college. Truman worked as a time keeper for thirty five dollars per month at Sante Fe Railroad. He still read up on histories and encyclopedias when he could find the time. He moved to Kansas City and worked as a clerk for the Kansas City Star, he then began work at the National Bank of Commerce and finally the Union National Banks book keeper. He returned home in 1906 after his grandfathers death. The family had inherited a farm in Grandview Missouri and for ten years Truman worked and became quite a successful farmer. He had his first small taste of politics when he joined the local democratic party organization, run by Mike Penergast. He was made Grandview Postmaster. Truman invested some money in Lead mines and then oil fields. He sold his stocks and enli...

Statistical Techniques, Sample, and Data Collection Research Paper

Statistical Techniques, Sample, and Data Collection - Research Paper Example In a quantitative research, the sample refers to a group of people among the population with who the researcher has direct interaction or encounter with as part of the data collection process. The population can therefore be said to be a very large set made up of several people but the sample a subset within the larger set from who data is collected. Reading through reading through the work of Gall, Gall and Borg, one gets the understanding that having a sample is important for several reasons. In the first place, having a sample is very important to ensure that the researcher can have a group of people who can be handled well in relation to the time available for the study. What this means is that when there are so many people to deal with at a time, it may be difficult to perform an in-depth data collection. What is more, sample can be used to ensure that the researcher uses only people with the right form of information that the researcher seeks for the study. After the sample has been developed, a researcher may go ahead to collect data from the respondents or participants within the sample. Performing data collection can be very difficult for researchers and can even impact on the outcome of the study if the right data collection procedure is not selected. With this, Gall, Gall and Borg (2008) noted that there are several data collection procedures which are often defined under the research strategy that the researcher uses. For most quantitative research, the use of survey is used as the most preferred data collection procedure.

Opinion Polls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Opinion Polls - Essay Example Findings are then tabled, presented or read out to the public so that they know how the whole initiative was received. (Word web online, 2008). Recently, media companies have also included opinion poll in their prime time bulletins where a sample of the views given out is read and the percentage of the voting shown. The power of these polls can not be taken lightly since they have in many occasions reflected their contributions in decisions made concerning different matters. There are allegations that the results from the polls sometimes do not reveal the reality. The evidence against them is usually demonstrated by parties who see it as being more critical than considerate. These claims go further to indicate that the views presented were in fact not randomly sampled. The argument whether opinion polls should be done away with or the question of their importance in elections needs to be tackled carefully. Opinion polls in last elections would have caused a stir of mixed reactions just incase the final vote outcome went otherwise. Many people were keeping an eye on them, unrest was most likely to occur then. Liberal Democrats polls indicate that the party is not fairing badly. Its members applause the fact, saying its been a tradition. Recently, polls stood at almost fifty percent before fluctuating. Liberal is blaming conservative for allegedly fixing the election. Members of conservative were denied democratic rights of voting for sitting MEPs contrary to their style where all members cast the ballot in the same box. (Liberal Democrat Voice, 2008). The Liberal Democrat Opinion has strongly come out against its opponent criticizing them of failure to deliver their promises. Among the issues given the priority include economic recovery, crude oil and its products ever rising prices and the main contest, the ability to retrieve British troops in Iraq and other countries in the Middle East. The two closely competing parties that are conservatives and labour have had fierce battles against each other with the aim of finally being the torch bearer. Elsewhere Labour party continues to give the government headaches, laxity in the judicial system and the controversy in the Home office. There are claims that the government has no clear intention for its citizens. The working force too is clogged with inefficiency, malice among other failures. Opinion polls carried out recently indicate that the voters feel the same way about the order of the day. There have been calls for Blair to resign but he would not just yet. A lot of interest has been shown by people who closely monitor the activities of the polls. As a result, mixed reactions come up due to different personal views. There are groups who back them totally while others are so against them. Another lot lies neutral but with their recommendations on how these opinion polls can be made better. On rare occasions though people have agreed on poll results only to differ completely when maters they have a hand get voted against. Polls have it that a third of supporters are now backing the Liberal Democrats rather than the two other parties that is, the Conservative and Labour. In the wake of general elections, polls come in handy and indeed offer statistics about a feel of the real thing on the ground. Labour has taken advantage and taken the priority to ensure Britain's effect globally is still felt. Key roles include

What is Communism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Communism - Research Paper Example Is Communism truly a political monster to fear? This paper will serve to help define what Communism stands for in our modern world and why certain traits of Communism seem to help nations such as China achieve a prosperous status that the other economically emerging non-communist countries find hard to achieve. First of all, it is of the utmost importance that one understands the definition of Communism as a philosophy rather than an ideology. It is a method by which society leaders hope to gain economic equality for all the members of the community by imposing certain restrictions upon the wealthy and the poor. According to Hoyt (â€Å"How Communism Works†): Simply put, communism is the idea that everyone in a given society receives equal shares of the benefits derived from labor. Communism is designed to allow the poor to rise up and attain financial and social status equal to that of the middle-class landowners. This equality is achieved once the redistribution of wealth is imposed between the upper and lower strata of society that allows the two distinct social economies to meet simply as the Middle Class. In other words, there are no poor people or rich people under a Communist regime, only people of equal economic standing. There is however, one very distinct reason or trait that allows this kind of philosophy to work in a society. There is no room for Capitalist ventures in a Communist state. Only the State is allowed to own property and thus, control the wealth from the income of the government property holdings. On other words, the State controls the wealth of the country and only the state is allowed to own and distribute the wealth amongst the citizens. This method insures that everyone who worked for that particular labor sector gets his fair share for the hard work he provided. Such a method seems to be working very well for the Chinese whose factory sector is currently booming. Under their work code, the laborers live on site and work as long as 14 hours a day. They are housed by the state and provided with food and lodging equivalent to their necessary work hours. It is a method that has proven to be quite effective in improving not only the international economic standing of their country, but the social-economic standing of their people as well. Another trait that helps Communism flourish is the fact that their social-economic structure is mainly concerned with equality and fairness. In fact, Communism is sometimes defined as a â€Å"... socio economic structure that stands for the establishment of a classless, egalitarian and stateless society. â€Å" (Prabhat â€Å"Difference Between Communism and Democracy†). This is a trait that was strongly advocated and promoted within the former Soviet Union as its classless society defined its social standing on the international world stage. Their citizens not only adhered to their Marxists principles in an almost fanatical way, but they also dressed the same both in private and in public. However, it is also important to note that the third trait of Communism is also the one trait that makes it highly feared by the Democracy ruled countries. This is the trait that vests the power over the country and its people among only a small group of people who decide the course of action for the nation and its citizens. The people's voice is not heard by the government as it is not considered central nor important in the everyday dealings of the politicians. Therefore, people are not allowed to have any elected representatives in their executive, legislative, or judicial branches of government. This is clearly seen in the method

The Failures of Jamestown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Failures of Jamestown - Case Study Example Its discovery established a permanent foothold for England to North America and concurrent to this, for purposes of a quick profit for investors from gold mining exploits. There have been noted ignominies and failures at Jamestown. It was evident from several accounts that seemingly the Englishmen were unwilling or incapacitated to feed themselves. Mostly, Jamestown suffered from poor and corrupt leadership and a population of men that were almost unfit for life in the wasteland. Moreover, explanations were provided as to why they destroyed the corn that might have fed them and committed atrocities upon the people who grew it. What are the reasons behind these mishaps' One thing that can be accounted for was the colony's poor organization and direction. The government approved by the charter places full powers in a council appointed by the king, with a president voted upon by the other members. The president had virtually no authority of his own; and while the council lasted, the members spent most of their time dealing with internal strife and intriguing against each other and especially against the one man who had the experience and the assurance to take command. Another explanation, for Jamestown's early troubles, and especially for its failure to feed itself, is the collective organization of labor in the colony. All the early settlers were expected to work together in a single society effort, to produce both their food and the exports that would make the company flourish. Those who held shares would eventually get a share of the profits, but for the time being the inducements of private enterprise were deficient. The work one man did is not commensurate to his reward. The slacker would get a large share in the end compared to the man who worked harder. Still another explanation for the squandering of Virginia's pioneers is one that John Smith often laid emphasis on, and that is the character of the immigrants. They were certainly an odd group of people, for the most noticeable group among them was unusual number of gentlemen. Virginia, as a patriotic enterprise, had stimulated the imagination of England's nobility and gentry. Gentlemen, by definition, had no manual skill; neither could they be expected to work at normal labor. They were expected to be useful for the force of knowledge, the exercise of counsel; but to have ninety-peculiar wise men offering advice while a couple of hundred did the work was discouraging, especially when the wise men included many unruly individuals joined with the friends to merely escape their ill destinies in England. John Smith complained that he could never get any real work from more than thirty out of two hundred, and he later disputed that of all who were sent to Virginia, a hundred good labor ers would been beneficial than most of those who went. Furthermore, if the company had succeeded in filling the early ships with a great diversity of specialized craftsmen as what was hoped for, the result might possibly have been worse than they were. The first settlers in 1608 had six tailors, two goldsmiths, two apothecaries, a blacksmith, two refiners, a gunner, a cooper, a jeweler, a tobacco pipe maker, and a perfumer. Without a doubt, being skilled would mean they greatly expected to be paid and be fed for doing the work for which they are hired for. Some may have been useful but others found themselves without means to use their special talents. They did not also intend to use their hands for any other tasks. In addition to this, the men devoted more time to rest during pastimes and merry making. None among the

The different negotiation styles between U.S. and Sweden Research Paper

The different negotiation styles between U.S. and Sweden - Research Paper Example   The business environment in Sweden and U.S. is completely different as analyzed by PEST analysis. According to AMB Country Report (2010), Sweden has very low economic risk, political risk and financial risk. Political conditions in Sweden are very stable for doing business. For example, although Sweden is a member of European Union, however, it has not joined European Exchange Rate Mechanism because political parties argue that Euro cannot be adopted without the public referendum (AMB Country Risk Report, 2010). With a population of 9 million in 2010, annual GDP growth rate of 4.5 percent in 2010, inflation rate of 1.4 percent and abundant of natural resources of forests, timber, arsenic, copper, gold, silver, zinc, tungsten, hydroelectric power, iron, uranium, feldspar and arsenic, Sweden offers ideal economic conditions to conduct business (Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, 2010). Swedish people have direct communication style; however, they are usually quiet, reserve an d shy. Moreover, they prefer working in flat hierarchical organizational structures with informal working conditions and authority at all hierarchical levels (Communicaid, 2009). Technological developments and innovation in Sweden provide a highly competitive business environment. According to Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010, Sweden is the highest scorer in Information and Communication Technology (Hennigan, 2010). Companies operating in U.S. are more exposed to political risks because of high government interference.   ... According to Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010, Sweden is the highest scorer in Information and Communication Technology (Hennigan, 2010). Companies operating in U.S. are more exposed to political risks because of high government interference. Early U.S. leaders believed in Laissez-faire concept which opposes government interference except to sustain law and order and the new leads are seeking to develop close ties between business and government (U.S. Department of State). U.S. is a developed state with 9.65 million population in 2010, GDP growth of 3.5 percent in 2009 and highly developed manufacturing and service sector (U.S. Department of State, 2010). People in U.S. are very excited and adventurous towards their tasks and they prefer working individually rather than teams (LMSCO, 2004). Technological conditions in U.S. are very favorable for businesses and it is evident from the fact that U.S. has been rated on number 2 in the last of top ten innovation driven econo mies (Virki, 2010). Negotiation styles vary based on culture. According to Hofstede, negotiators in the national cultures with high power distance are more comfortable with hierarchical structures, transparent authority figures and in an environment where the right to use power with discretion is preferred. On the other hand, negotiators in the national cultures with low power distance are more comfortable with flat hierarchies and democratic structures, shared authority and in the environment where the right to use power is limited to certain circumstances (LeBaron). The negotiation styles of U.S. and Swedish negotiators vary because American negotiators are aggressive, strong and have a formal

The Failures of Jamestown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Failures of Jamestown - Case Study Example Its discovery established a permanent foothold for England to North America and concurrent to this, for purposes of a quick profit for investors from gold mining exploits. There have been noted ignominies and failures at Jamestown. It was evident from several accounts that seemingly the Englishmen were unwilling or incapacitated to feed themselves. Mostly, Jamestown suffered from poor and corrupt leadership and a population of men that were almost unfit for life in the wasteland. Moreover, explanations were provided as to why they destroyed the corn that might have fed them and committed atrocities upon the people who grew it. What are the reasons behind these mishaps' One thing that can be accounted for was the colony's poor organization and direction. The government approved by the charter places full powers in a council appointed by the king, with a president voted upon by the other members. The president had virtually no authority of his own; and while the council lasted, the members spent most of their time dealing with internal strife and intriguing against each other and especially against the one man who had the experience and the assurance to take command. Another explanation, for Jamestown's early troubles, and especially for its failure to feed itself, is the collective organization of labor in the colony. All the early settlers were expected to work together in a single society effort, to produce both their food and the exports that would make the company flourish. Those who held shares would eventually get a share of the profits, but for the time being the inducements of private enterprise were deficient. The work one man did is not commensurate to his reward. The slacker would get a large share in the end compared to the man who worked harder. Still another explanation for the squandering of Virginia's pioneers is one that John Smith often laid emphasis on, and that is the character of the immigrants. They were certainly an odd group of people, for the most noticeable group among them was unusual number of gentlemen. Virginia, as a patriotic enterprise, had stimulated the imagination of England's nobility and gentry. Gentlemen, by definition, had no manual skill; neither could they be expected to work at normal labor. They were expected to be useful for the force of knowledge, the exercise of counsel; but to have ninety-peculiar wise men offering advice while a couple of hundred did the work was discouraging, especially when the wise men included many unruly individuals joined with the friends to merely escape their ill destinies in England. John Smith complained that he could never get any real work from more than thirty out of two hundred, and he later disputed that of all who were sent to Virginia, a hundred good labor ers would been beneficial than most of those who went. Furthermore, if the company had succeeded in filling the early ships with a great diversity of specialized craftsmen as what was hoped for, the result might possibly have been worse than they were. The first settlers in 1608 had six tailors, two goldsmiths, two apothecaries, a blacksmith, two refiners, a gunner, a cooper, a jeweler, a tobacco pipe maker, and a perfumer. Without a doubt, being skilled would mean they greatly expected to be paid and be fed for doing the work for which they are hired for. Some may have been useful but others found themselves without means to use their special talents. They did not also intend to use their hands for any other tasks. In addition to this, the men devoted more time to rest during pastimes and merry making. None among the

Working with and Leading People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Working with and Leading People - Essay Example Recruitment is the process of encouraging, identifying and generating potential candidates for a specific job. It is considered as a positive approach as it attracts as much as candidate possible. The goals for recruitment is to draw more of qualified candidates and to encourage unqualified candidates to self eliminate themselves (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2008). In this case study, Jamie Oliver has taken an unconventional approach to recruitment where he encouraged un-educated and un-skilled applicants to get trained by him to become future chefs. He did not depend on any job specifications and judged the candidates on the basis of their enthusiasm and dedications towards their passion to become the best chef with highest professional standards. His goal was to attract un-qualified candidates rather than setting standards to self eliminate themselves. The selection process is the decision making process on hiring or not hiring a potential candidate for the vacancy (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2008). The selection process followed by Jamie Oliver was not based on the conventional criteria such as experience, knowledge and skills. He selected 60 candidates who went through some rigorous employment tests. The trainees were first asked to talk about food while they were filmed simultaneously to judge their excitement and obsession about food. Then it started with the ‘taste’ test where they were subjected to rare dishes which they have never tasted and was judged upon their ability to sense the texture and flavour of the food. This acted as an elimination test where only 30 people were selected and were taken to the next round where they were made to observe the process of cooking a simple dish of vegetables and fried salmon. All the stages of the process were explained to them and then they were instructed to cook the same dish as to see how

High School and School Counseling Interventions Essay Example for Free

High School and School Counseling Interventions Essay Instructions: 1. Using this template, complete your article critique and submit this document to Blackboard. 2. Summary must include all five criteria: a. Introduction and rationale for the research b. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article. c. Summary of research outcome. d. Two methods of applying this research to practice. e. Conclusion 3. To begin your summary on the next page of this template insert a page break. Use APA formatting. School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Introduction and rationale for the research In the fields of counseling, education, and psychology, there has been a strong emphasis placed on evidence-based practices to determine the effectiveness of school counseling interventions. In this article, two types of Meta-Analysis interventions were used during this study. Meta-Analysis 1 involved treatment-control comparisons and Meta-Analysis 2 involved pretest-posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was . 30. This study determined how effective moderator variables influenced effect size of, guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. Analyses of moderator variables are designed to determine the effectiveness of school counseling program activities in this article. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article The overall school counseling interventions produced an average effect size of . 30 which is significant. However, in this article, the average effect size of Meta-Analysis 2 intervention was not significant, only . 07. Previously research has found that meta- analyses using pretest-posttest typically produces a higher effect size compared to the more traditional treatment-control group comparisons. It’s difficult to determine the non-significant mean effect size for pretest-posttest meta-analysis. Additional analyses in the pretest and posttest form will need to focus on specific interventions and additional information regarding the effectiveness of specific strategies in school counseling. One of the common criticism of meta-analytic approaches is that studies with weak methodological rigor may artificially inflate average effect sizes(M. W. Lipsey,2003). M. W. Lipsey (2003) also argued that methodological moderator variables that often are assumed to be independent are not necessarily independent and carefully conducted meta-analytic reviews should explore methodological relationship patterns. The effect size of . 30 was based on 117 experimental studies that involved 153 interventions, which is a significant increase from the six studies used by Sprinthall (1981). Many more studies were conducted with elementary school students; however, school counseling interventions included in this meta-analysis appeared to be slightly more effective with middle or junior high students followed by high school students. Thus, these studies show a significant effect on school counseling interventions for all levels of K-12 education. There are also some limitations when meta-analytic techniques are used. The validity of effect size largely depends on the quality of studies that were included in the review. Some major limitations in school counseling research could not be addressed statistically. Also there are few studies that address the issues of treatment integrity. Only a handful of studies used treatment manuals or well-developed curricula. It was difficult for researches to determine what was effective because researchers could not determine what interventions were implemented with students. Another limitation was the elimination of 111 studies that had insufficient data or missing information. Another limitation from this article concerns the dominance of non-standardized outcome assessments in school counseling research. Meta-analysis also lacked long-term follow-up data. The lack of longitudinal data allows for the measurement and analysis of only short-term effectiveness. Another issue with meta-analysis research is that interventions focused mostly on specific interventions rather than comprehensive school counseling programs. There has been very few research studies conducted on comprehensive school counseling programs. Summary of research outcome. There were 118 studies that used meta-analysis 1, involving treatment-control comparisons and 153 school interventions; however, two studies were considered one study because of the same simple. Out of the 117 studies, 81 were published in journals and 36 were theses or dissertations. This meta-analysis study had 16,296 participants and the sample ranged from 8 to 5, 618, with the average study involving 139. 28 participants. From these studies, 50. 4% were elementary school students, 17. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 24. 8% were high school students, and 6% had a mixture of ages, and one study did not report the age of the student participants. There was an overall weighted effect size of 27% for students that received school counseling intervention compared to those students that did not receive school counseling intervention. The average effect size was significant. Also, there were a total of 33studies that used meta-analysis 2, involving pretest-posttest design; however, two effect sizes were eliminated from one study. Therefore, 31 studies that involved 51 school counseling interventions were used. The effect sizes calculated from these 31 studies involved 2,015 participants and the average study involving 62. 97 students and the sample ranged from 9 to 283. Out of the 31 studies, 17 were published in journals, 13 were theses or dissertations, and one study was an ERIC document. From these studies, 29% involved elementary school students, 12. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 54. 8% were high school students, and 3. 2% had a mixture of ages and grade levels. There was only a . 07% weighted effect size on pretest and posttest meta-analysis which indicates the average effect size was not significant. Two methods of applying this research to practice Firstly, my goal as an aspiring school counselor is to implement a comprehensive school counseling program for all students. I would provide a variety of interventions and activities using the four components of the delivery system of a school counseling program, guidance curriculum, individual student planning, responsive services, and system support. I would then, conduct studies in my school, collecting data, and determine which services students and the school will benefit from the most. This will help me determine what type of programs and activities are most effective for our students and school. Secondly, I would consider taking additional research courses to prepare me to contribute to the knowledge base of school counseling, while conducting research projects related to school counseling. Simply, there needs to be more and better research in the area of school counseling. â€Å"Without additional empirical support, some schools may eliminate professional school counseling programs†(Erford, p 68). Conclusion. From this research on meta-analyses not all school counseling interventions were equally effective. Additional research is needed to examine the impact these studies had on students from diverse backgrounds. Although more research is often a recommendation after completing a meta-analysis (e. g. , Ehri et al. , 2001; Swanson, 1999; Whiston, Brecheisen, Stephens, 2003; Xin, Grasso, Dipipi-Hoy, Jitendra, 2005), we contend that lack of methodological rigor and dearth of studies make the calls for additional sound research in school counseling particularly important. Also, the issues of treatment integrity and increasingly use standardized outcome assessments will enhance future school counseling interventions. From this study, one would learn that additional research is needed, however, from this research; data shows that school counseling interventions have a positive effect size on student outcomes. Furthermore, there were significant effect sizes for interventions at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. School counselors’ were able to increase students’ ability to solve problems while decreasing discipline problems. However, the researchers were unable to identify specific programs or approaches that produce positive outcomes. Additional research is needed to address what interventions for school counseling works, with what students, and under what circumstances. References Erford, B. T. (2011). Transforming the school counseling profession (3rd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, and Eder. (Winter 2011 Volume 89). School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Journal of Counseling Development , 37-55.

The purpose of Punishment within the criminal justice system

The purpose of Punishment within the criminal justice system What role does punishment serve within the criminal justice system? Consider the part played by reductivism, incapacitation, retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation as by-products of the perceived need for the criminal justice system to punish offenders. How have political policies and other ideologies affected the state emphasis on the need to punish offenders? In the following paragraphs it is going to be explained the role of punishment within the criminal justice system. Furthermore, we are going to get involved with theories and objectives related to punishment such as: reductivism, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and finally retribution. Beginning our case study we have to argue that there is considerable controversy over the effectiveness of punishment in reducing crime, but whether or not its actual effectiveness, still is the only method being used conforming someone who made a misdeed, back to society and freedom. Punishment can be simply defined as a legally approved method designed to facilitate the task of crime control (Carrabine, 2004), and its main purpose is to rehabilitate the offender, expiate the victim and dissuade others from becoming wrongdoers. In order to successfully create a holistic view on the matter, we have to focus on many punishment perspectives and theories as it is the only way for a critical evaluation. punishment as a social institution is an inherently complex business that needs to be approached from a range of theoretical perspectives as no single interpretation will grasp the diverse meanings generated by punishment (Carrabine, 2004). The reductive theory of punishment justifies that punishment occurs because it helps to prevent and reduce future consequences of crime, acting as a forward-looking theory for the general good. Moreover, claims that if punishment takes place, future crime will be less than if no penalty were inflicted. For punishment to reduce future crimes, the pain and unhappiness caused to the offender must be outweighed by the avoidance of unpleasantness to other people in the future (Cavadino, 2002). Therefore, it is a moral action against criminals (famously advanced by Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832) since it produces the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. Nevertheless, there are many mechanisms of reduction which will be shown below. Deterrence based on utilitarian theories, is a method of reduction and its main perspective is that if you cause someones fear, then he will be afraid to offend and break the law (tough on crime). Moreover, separates deterrence into general and individual justifying that general is when punishment dissuades others from following the offenders example, in spite of individual deterrence which aims to teach delinquent not to repeat the behaviour. Deterrence lacks to produce strong and validate evident of its effectiveness as no certain penalty prevented someone from committing a given crime. What is more, referring to the individual deterrence, my opinion is that we cannot say whether or not an offender stopped his criminal behaviour, simply because not all crimes are being convicted. Also, according to official crime statistics, I believe, there is not such effectiveness as Michael Howards supported about prison/punishment and toughness on crime. Prison works. It ensures that we are protected from murderers, muggers and rapists- and it makes many who are tempted to commit crime think twice (Michael Howard, Home Secretary 1993). Rehabilitation is another mechanism of crime reduction which is going to be produced and evaluated on the following paragraphs. According to rehabilitation the idea of punishment is to apply treatment to the offender so that he is made capable afterwards to return back to the society as a law-abiding member. Rehabilitation is viewed as a humane alternative comparing to the harshness of retribution and deterrence giving more a programme function to the punishment, without that meaning that an offender would receive a more lenient penalty for his offence. An important feature of rehabilitation is that the offender could stay on probation whether that means outside prison or inside until he is thought to be ready. Critics though assume that if the prison administrator is the responsible one who decides if offender made a progress and he is ready to go, then corruption may occur which will falsify the true situation. Finally, another issue is that an offender guilty for minor crime proba bly could not tolerate lengthy detentions simple because of inability or refusal to adopt a subservient attitude toward prison officers and authority in general. Continuing our study we will refer to retributive theory which is in total antithesis of reductivism and justifies that punishment came as result of criminality. An attractive feature is that retributivism is a natural connection between the retributive approach and the idea that both offenders and victims have rights. Reductivist theory always founds it difficult to encompass the notion of rights, even when it comes to providing entirely innocent people with a right not to be punished. Retributivism has no such problem, since it follows automatically from the retributive principle that it must be wrong to punish non-offenders. Criminals, according to retributivist principle deserve the punishment because in some way, evil for evil somehow make a right. Additionally, according to retributivism, severity of a punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence (tariff). What is more, retributive punishment, argues that applies fairly and equally to all of us as long as we all live in the same equilibrium followed by the same norms and values. The main issue with such a theory is that it would be objective only if we were all genuinely equal sharing the same advantages. Detected offenders typically start from a position of social disadvantage (Cavadino, 2002). From the moment retributive punishment tries to inflict equality restoring the balance, then increases inequality rather than do the opposite. The last theory refers to the act of making the offender not capable of committing a crime and is known as the incapacitation theory. According to that, offenders who have committed repeated crimes or thought to be dangerous are being punished by execution or lengthy incarceration (life imprisonment). Such a punishment though unfortunately makes it difficult to identify that kind of offenders. Thus, it is extremely controversial the principle of incapacitation especially to those who assist that punishment should advocate equal retribution followed by dignity. An important controversial example evaluating incapacitation is the chemical-castration of sex offenders (against children) with hormonal drugs which was first adopted in the U.S of California in 1996 and proved that drugs alone did not make the offender incapable of committing sex crimes. To conclude, I would like to say that I have not come to a conclusion yet on whether or not punishment actually helps and rehabilitates the delinquents. But I am sure that punishment so far is the function which separates those who live legally and those who do not. I also believe that the fear of punishment changes people behaviour a lot, as we all are afraid of punishment is that not true? Ultimately, I would like to finish with Sir Thomas Mores opinion which finds me totally agreed. Society first creates thieves, and then punishes them for stealing. There has always existed a curiously symbolic relationship between the criminal and society. It is not so much that society tolerates crime, rather the structure of modern society inevitably creates situations and circumstances in which crime occurs(Weisser, 1979).

They Can Feel It Too Essay -- Animal Rights

Did you know that domestic violence against an animal as a first offence is only a class B misdemeanor and domestic battery against a human is a Class A misdemeanor? Did you also know that a Class A misdemeanor is about 2 times more severe than a Class B misdemeanor? What makes us humans so special and superior to animals? Why do animals have fewer rights and less protection than us? Animals have feelings too and need to be treated as such so I say it’s time for a change. All this abuse and neglect towards animals needs to stop. Animals can feel pain even though they may not express it the same way that us humans do. Animals need our voices to help close the loopholes in our laws. Someone has to speak up for them since they can’t speak for themselves. In media-reported animal cruelty cases, dogs, pit bulls, in particular, are the most common victims of animal cruelty. In 2007 64.5% of media-reported cases involved dogs, 18% involved cats, and 25% involved other types of animals. The HSUS (The Humane Society of the United States) estimates that nearly 1 million animals a year are abused or killed in connection with domestic violence. About 2,168,000 women and men are physically assaulted by an intimate partner in the U.S. every year. 63% of U.S. households own a pet, and 71% of domestic violence victims report that their abuser also targeted their animals. These statistics are very alarming. So is the fact that many convicted murderers and serial killers tortured animals when they were younger and progressed to killing humans. The other two red-flag behaviors are setting fires and wetting ones bed. Now I’m not saying every child that wets themselves should be put under a microscopic eye but all three of these behaviors together ... ...2383--.html Pristin, Terry. "New Jersey Daily Briefing;Tougher Animal Cruelty Law." New York Times 16 July 1996: 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=108&sid=58dd2e2a-f77d-4363-99b4-a8f9371ab8ab%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=29578437 VanKavage, Ledy. â€Å"Humane Law Enforcement in Illinois†, Petfinder.com. Spring 2002. Web. March 18, 2012. http://www.petfinder.com/how-to-help-pets/humane-law-enforcement-illinois.html Whitcomb, Rachel. "Veterinarian Recounts Zanesville's Tragic Killing Of 49 Exotic, Wild Animals." DVM: The Newsmagazine Of Veterinary Medicine 42.12 (2011): 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=108&sid=58dd2e2a-f77d-4363-99b4-a8f9371ab8ab%40sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=69711284

Love Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Essay -- Wilfred Owen Poems Po

Love Presented in Poems by Wilfred Owen Explore how the theme of love is presented in Birdsong and a selection of poems by Wilfred Owen. Loving attitudes, though perhaps not as prominent as themes such as violence and pride, are intimately observed and explored in Sebastian Faulks' Birdsong and in many of Wilfred Owen's War poems. Each aspect of love, as seen through the eyes of this First World War soldier and Faulks' characters, is as interesting as it is diverse, allowing an impervious insight into the psychological effects that the War had on these men. Such a formidable event as war has a devastating effect on all parties involved. In total, the First World War saw the deaths of 420,000 English, 450,000 German, and 205,000 French civilians. Through the bleak and most shattering of ordeals, love will show itself in the strangest fashions; surfacing in new and unforeseen places, and overriding all tribulations. I believe the two texts I have selected support this view, portraying clearly many different features of the love that war made apparent, love that was forced to survive horrendous difficulties, and the love which was occasionally lost. Propaganda for The Great War sold a message of equality, duty and devotion, striking a patriotic chord throughout England with slogans such as: "Everyone should do his bit", and "God bless dear daddy who is fighting the Hun and send him HELP". This image of fearlessness, commitment and love for your country was heavily supported and can be appreciated when reading the poetry of Jessie Pope. Her poems are often used to demonstrate the sentiments on the home front, and are commonly taught in opposition to the ideas of the major war poets, including Wilfred... ...nder feelings, such as the personification of "The kind old sun" in Futility and "the haunting flares" in Dulce Et Decorum Est; Faulkes using emotive language and character relationships to portray the sadness and the loss encountered during the war. Both are successful in their attempt to show love enduring everything, and of love being borne from human nature's lust for survival. Footnotes  ¹Owen's poem Dulce Et Decorum Est was originally dedicated to Jessie Pope, but under the advice of Sassoon, Owen settled for using "My friend" to represent her, believing that a name check was perhaps too strong. Bibliography Essays read: www.studyworld.com/ literature/dulce_et_decorum_est.htm www.whatalovelywar.co.uk/jessie.htm/ Books studied: Wilfred Owen: The War Poems. (Chatto & Windus LTD, 1994) Sebastien Faulkes: Birdsong (Vintage, 1994)

Human Factors in Technology Essay

Companies now more than ever are able to utilize technology to be able to one ensure that the company’s values and ethics are readily available to their employees and two technologies provide tools for managers to enforce company policies in relation to ethics. Companies use tools such as Microsoft Share point as well as an internal Intranet for posting its values and ethics making them easy to find as well as tools for understanding them. By doing so the company can then ensure that there isn’t really any excuse that can be used for not being aware of the ethics and therefore create a zero tolerance for ethical violations by its employees. Technology provides several tools for managers to be able to monitor their employees use of internet; since many companies are opening up the use of the internet at work finding value in allowing their employees to use the internet especially social media while at work have to ensure that the usage is within the compliance of the com panies values. Some of these tools range from having each employee sign a user agreement during the initial hiring process making it clear up front what type of usage is appropriate and spelling out what are clear violations of the usage policy. IT departments today are able to put into place system that will monitor and alert them to a user that may have either intentionally or unintentionally have ended up at a web site that would contain content that violates the companies ethical standards. When this happens typically the companies monitoring software will warn the individual that this site is not approved for use at work as well as send a message to their manager letting them know there has been a website accessed that isn’t appropriate. This then gives the manager the opportunity to talk with the employee and establish if the site is truly inappropriate at work or if the user truly did not intend to access that site. This type of environment can be viewed in a couple of different ways, one would be a big brother approach that the company is constantly watching over its employees shoulder creating a culture of suspicion and mistrust. Another view could be seen as a company taking responsibility for the resources it provides to ensure their employees are one remaining productive, two maximizing assists provided to the employees rather than wasting company time and cost for the technology and of course ensuring that the activity whether on break or during work hours does not violate the companies ethical standards. Technology provides valuable tools for human resources professionals today such as conducting background checks, maintaining employment records. There are several major areas in which HR has been changed dynamically through the advancement of technology and the effect that it has on corporate culture. These areas are: Recruiting (choosing the best qualified applicant for the job), Evaluations (metrics or best practices for measuring performance, pay scales and benefits packages), training within HR growing career managers, keeping up to date on labor laws and regulations and Retaining the talent pool (keeping a low turn-over) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). Recruiting has certainly seen a shift from advertising in the classifieds and job boards to internet search engines such as LINKDIN, usajobs.gov, monster.com, indeed just to name a few these sites allow job seekers to post their resumes and qualifications, and search for openings with companies all over the world. These sites also allow for recruiters to conduct searches for potential applicants who have the qualifications they are looking for. This has led to a quicker turn around time to finding and filling positions with the best-qualified applicants, ease of use for HR professionals as well as the cost savings for companies that used to utilize head hunters and the time it took for recruiters to screen applicants from all over the country. Another tool that has saved money and added convenience for both HR professionals as well as applicants is the ability to send questioners, interview with applicants through software such as SKYPE that utilizing both video and audio versus travel costs and online assessments (such as typing tests or call center simulations) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). Performance measurement tools are making improvements but not as quickly some methods that are available are tools that allow managers to be able to capture screen shots and track production levels through software. In call centers a manager is able to provide filters for specific types of calls to evaluate such as time parameters or other criteria when the call meets the criteria the screen records the entire transaction along with the audio from the phone call for performance counseling afterwards. Benefits handling has seen changes in the way they are handled and processed through newer technology. Employees are able through the internet or intranet to be able to review benefits, sign up for benefits or make changes as well as research differences between benefits packages to ensure the package is a good fit for their situation (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). Training and Professional Development has always been vital to ensure that company’s employees are able to have the right training and knowledge to provide the most productivity. An important key to training is continual update training as newer processes are implemented or technology itself how to provide the training quickly for a seamless transition. Companies are able to provide step by step modules using what appears to be live screen shots simulated for the employee. The system will provide instructions on how to perform a function or task and then have the trainee perform the task, providing feedback if the user clicks in the wrong place or chooses the wrong command. This allows for almost real time experience handling using training accounts avoiding costly errors. This works has shown to be more beneficial since the user is seeing the same screen and commands, as they will when using the actual system. Conclusion Technology has provided tools in today’s workplace that allow company’s to help train and manage ethical guidelines, in turn shaping the culture and work environment for its employees. Human Resource Management through innovative technology is growing and saving company’s money in using newer methods for recruiting, retention, training and benefits than ever before. References Chapman, A. (n.d.). training and learning development. (Â © alan chapman 1995-2010 ) Retrieved December 01, 2012, from Business balls.com: http://www.businessballs.com/traindev.htm Elizabeth Regan, B. O. (2002). Implementing Individual and Work Group Technologies. Retrieved DEC 11, 2012, from University of Phoenix: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=0c85207c-4579-445d-b2e5-278c996a3835&assetmetaid=9f9341ec-776c-4a2c-8e8c-422fc4e5f1fe ELLEN A. ENSHER, T. R.-V. (2002). Effects of the Internet and Technology on HR Processes. Retrieved JAN 14, 2013, from Organizational Dynamics,: www.organizational-dynamics.com Spears, S. (2012, DEC 13). Implement a New Technology Plan. Retrieved DEC 23, 2012, from University of Phoenix: https://classroom.phoenix.edu

Tranisition Into a Global Organization

What marketing considerations do you need to understand as you evolve from a domestic supplier or international distributor to a fully integrated global company? Is it an easy transition or does it demand restructuring of your market functions? There are many factors an organization must consider before and during the transition into a fully integrated global company. Although the transition may not be easy, evaluation of and planning for these considerations will enable an organization to evolve into a strong global organization. During this process of transition from a domestic company to a true global organization, some restructuring of the market functions will have to occur. The traditional marketing model from the seller’s point of view, or the Four â€Å"Ps† of marketing, is based on Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. This model is based on the assumption that the marketplace is driven by manufacturers. According to Schultz and Kitchen (2000), manufactured-driven marketplace has â€Å"evolved† into a distribution-driven market place where major retailers or distributors like Wal-Mart control the marketplace. Schultz and Kitchen (2000) go on to state that the marketplace is continuing to evolve into a newly emerging interactive marketplace brought about by the development of the internet and new e-commerce business applications. In this new interactive marketplace, the consumer interests rule and as a result, manufacturers, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) must adjust to consumer needs. This new trend has led to a new marketing model from the consumer’s point of view. This model, called the Four â€Å"Cs† is consumer oriented as opposed to the traditional seller oriented Four â€Å"Ps† model. The Four â€Å"Cs† model of marketing are Customers, Company, Competitors, and Circumstances. The global marketplace, according to Schultz and Kitchen (2000) is a combination of the other three marketplace functions. If this is the case, an organization that wishes to evolve into a fully integrated global company must evaluate the global market based on the Four â€Å"Ps† and the Four â€Å"Cs† and develop a business plan accordingly to the specific marketplace of implementation. What works locally for a domestic organization may not work lobally. Consider the example of the Starbucks Company failure in Australia. According to Patterson, Scott and Uncles (2010), a contributing factor to the failure of Starbucks in the Australian marketplace was that Starbucks tried to bring â€Å"what worked in the US and applying it here (Australia), without really understanding the local market. † Starbucks had an unsustainable business model because the company failed to do the research that would have enabled the company to effectively market its product to the Australian consumer. References Patterson, P. , Scott, J. , & Uncles, M.. (2010). How the local competition defeated a global brand: The case of Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18, 41-47. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy1. apus. edu/pqdweb? did=2097829591&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=62546&RQT=309&VName=PQD Schultz, D. & Kitchen, P.. (2000). Communicating Globally: An integrated marketing approach. Lincolnwood, IL: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/apus/docDetail. action? docID=10153056

Games and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Games and its Benefits - Essay Example According to (Bowlby et al., 1983) gaming should involve physical body movements which are a very essential part of enjoying life in the right manner. Therefore, it is imperative that a physical and social entertainment system be put in place so that family members could connect with each other even while they are away from home. In this respect, a new and novel concept called ‘Age Invaders’ (AI) has made its presence felt and has served to bridge the generation gap by ushering in, an interactive social - physical game. In this scenario of gaming, it allows the elderly to play harmoniously with children in a physical place, while parents can take part in the game through the Internet in real time. Such interaction between the different family members not only helps to decrease the ever widening generation gap, but also serves to connect family members and bring them closer to each other. Quite unlike the regular computer games ‘Age Invaders’ help to bring ga ming to a physical platform, where physical body movements are needed. The game involves a floor display that gives the user direct access to the virtual game, by using their body as an interface. According to (Price and Rogers, 2004) it would engage the players physically and encourages them to interact actively, thereby decreasing the generation gap.

Employee Privacy in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Employee Privacy in the Workplace - Essay Example New technological developments established closer links between regional, national and international economies, and practically eliminated the conventional barriers between economic segments. For example, the rapid rise of transnational and transcontinental corporations owes a debt to the technological advances of the recent decades (Castells, 1996). The outreaching global economic importance of the new technologies has long prevented many from attempting to reveal the effects that occur on the lower level business. Dramatic transformation of the typical American workplace due to availability of the computers and Internet can probably be ranked number one among these effects. The technological developments of today benefit employees and employers greatly helping them perform their duties and accomplish the goals more effectively than ever before. However, job-related potential of the Internet and e-mailing is only one aspect of their use in the workplace: these services also provide a number of opportunities for non-job related activities, such as visiting a news portal, sending a quick e-mail note to a relative or friend, etc. The issue of employee privacy in the workplace has emerged as the result of the employers’ concern with proper employee behavior while on the job. Monitoring of employees is one popular method for the employer to address this concern. Employee monitoring is the act of watching and monitoring employees’ actions during working hours using employer equipment/property (Raposa and Mujtaba, 2003). Increasing numbers of employers opt to use various devices to monitor activities of their employees during working hours. Keeping record of computer activities, excessive use of video and sound recording equipment, electronic eavesdropping and checking databases filled with personal information makes a

S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

S - Essay Example However, others deem otherwise. The super accumulation of profits by MNEs made them so powerful, to push shifts in the development strategies of governments and international institutions, specifically, international financial institutions (IFIs). Whichever way shows direct inter-relationship between these international organisations and the international business. It is this relationship that concerns this paper. Believing that the main reasons for the two succeeding world wars were due to national economic disparities and trade conflict, and that unrestricted fair trade would bring about equal opportunity for the economic development of nation-states thereby eliminating the reasons for war (Hull, 1948, p. 81), developed nations concurred to John Maynard Keynes’ neo-liberal model of development: a liberal international economic system coupled with government intervention (Stewart, 1987, p. 465). The necessity of an international body to regulate international trade and international business was acknowledged – without a high degree of economic cooperation among powerful nations economic conflict will certainly recur that most likely will heighten into a fiercer military war. (Polard, 1985, p. 8) Within these premises, the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, more known as the Bretton Woods Conference, held on July1-22, 1944 and attended by 730 delegates from 44 allied nations (Halm, 1945, p. 5; ‘Bretton Woods Conference’ 2007, p. 7057), agreed to establish the IMF and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known today as the World Bank (WB) to preclude similar depression experienced in 1930: â€Å"massive unemployment, escalating tariffs, and collapsing commodity prices† (Stewart, 1987, p. 465). Specifically, the IMF was a mutual agreement of the member countries to ensure the stability of currencies by circumventing protective exchange practices and to provide pre-conditioned

Film Citizen Kane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Citizen Kane - Essay Example To specify, the compositions in Citizen Kane have the frames that are split into fractions of light and darkness/shadow.   Apart from this, Welles successfully employs weird, exaggerated angles that make characters appear in a distorted way. This technique is illustrative of a typical noir movie syntax. In addition, low angle shots focus the attention on the protagonist’s physical stature, yet they contain frames that suggest restriction and confinement.   For example, Kane’s placing against low ceilings seems to diminish the character and contradict his prevailing personality (Citizen Kane). All in all, this technique helps to create a sense of claustrophobia through evident visual entrapment. This is known to be characteristic of noir thrillers as well. Last but not least, the sustained shots’ duration is also a feature of film noir genre successfully employed by Welles.In summary, Citizen Kane (1941) possesses a number of stylistic and technical elements o f noir films. Its fragmented structure, narrative labyrinths, sequences of flashbacks, the quest for some truth, the presence of mystery, and cynical view of power can be considered its noir stylistic aspects.   Technical noir elements include unusual angles, contrasts of light and shadow, shots of sustained duration,   and other techniques that help to create the sense of claustrophobia and entrapment characteristic of this genre.

Why might democracies be more peaceful in their relations with each Essay

Why might democracies be more peaceful in their relations with each other than with states that are not democracies - Essay Example The democratic government is chose by the people. The democracy in a state or a country works for the people. This fundamental of democracy had continued initially from the era of Roman Empire up to now. The autocracies even led to wars in the ancient times also. The principle of autocracy had been discontinued from that time only. The people at that time elected their own representatives for their benefits. The individualism had significant role from the past up to now. The rulers in the past followed the individualism but in today's era there is democracy in all the parts of the country. Thus there were huge amount of wars which were causing destruction only. In today's era, the democracy has changes the trend towards political and economic liberalization over the past century. The dynamic relations all over the world are quite important for the countries today. The democracy has enabled the different countries to make peaceful relations with each other. The democratically formed rules have enforced the government to work accordingly, thus making worthy relations with other countries. Thus the countries having democracies are maintaining themselves for development of their own as well as of the world. The countries which had not been a democracy today are deferring immensely in development and are threatening other countries. Thus they are not maintaining the peaceful relations. Iran, whose Supreme Leader is a religious figure unfettered by popular elections, and threatens to develop nuclear weapons and potentially wants to dominate the Middle East. The relative lack of attention to variation in the international behavior of non-democratic states represents a startling omission. There are many other countries also which are only having the one party rule like the China and others, but are really maintaining the excellent coalition with other countries. The countries which are not having democracy are having either one party rule or either the dictatorship like the recent one in Afghanistan by the Taliban. Thus these countries never had been on the road of development, relations with other countries, but instead they threatened other countries for wars. The plane attack on plane America on 9th September, 2001by the militants was result of that only. Thus the individualism is neither better for a country nor for the world. So the countries must have a democratic form of government. From the example of Syria it had been clear that democracy is quite important. If the democracy will not exist in a particular country, then it will be under a single person or party, thus these countries are responsible for the wars as conceded from the past also. These countries will cause a threat to other countries and there will be a war like the dictatorship in the past in the Germany, the Italy, and the Japan was responsible for

Women were second-class citizens in the year 1900 Essay Example for Free

Women were second-class citizens in the year 1900 Essay Women were second-class citizens in the year 1900. How far is this a true assessment of women at the beginning of the Twentieth century? This is difficult to answer as it is hard to determine whether all women had the same problem or whether some were better treated than others. There are many views as to whether women were second-class citizens and it is a widely speculated point as many different people have many different answers. There is much evidence that women were second-class citizens in the year 1900, but there is also evidence that they were not treated too badly and some even liked the way things were. In spite of this, some campaigned for more equality in many areas such as political rights and marriage. This is shown in many ways. There were limited job opportunities and women were only allowed to do domestic service, nursing, teaching, factory work, shop work or living at home and working there. Despite this, women seemed happy with most of the jobs available to them and did not really want new jobs. Women also had limited education opportunities. Women, like men, had a compulsory primary education and occasional secondary education, and a few even went on to study at Cambridge. However, few were allowed to do degrees in university and the quality of the education women got was lower than that of the boys. Also girls were generally taught things that only women do such as needlework and housework as well as letters and arithmetic etc but the boys were taught how to do farming and office work instead. This meant that women had few job opportunities due to the limit in their knowledge and education. The women in 1900 had quite good right when it came to marriage, due to campaigns in the late 1800s. Even though the church saw women as subordinates, they managed to get many new rights for themselves due to hard work and campaigning. There was a Custody of Infants Act passed which meant that women who were divorced were able to keep their children. The Married Womens Property Acts in 1870 and 1882 meant that they were able to keep any land they owned before they got married as their own and not their husbands. The Guardianship of Infants Act and Married Womens Act in 1886 allowed women even more freedom when it came to marriage and divorce. This shows that in 1900 women were not too badly treated when it came to marriage. Working-class and Middle-class women had life very differently. Working-class women generally worked all day and came home to housework, cooking, cleaning etc. In contrast to this, most middle-class women did not have to work as their husband supported the family. Despite this it meant that the middle-class women had very little freedom and although they were not tied down to working life it gave them very little to do and therefore they were probably treated more like second-class citizens than the working-class because of their limited opportunities. Women had very little freedom when it came to the vote. They were almost certainly classed as second-class citizens when it came to political rights. This is evident because, although women were allowed to vote in all kinds of local council elections, they were not allowed to vote in parliamentary elections. This meant that they were classed with criminals and the infirm of mind. Some women objected very strongly to this. Women in 1900 had very little political power, if any at all and this is an indication that they were viewed as second-class citizens. In conclusion I think that women in 1900 were not completely viewed as second-class citizens in many respects because, as is shown above, they had previously gained a lot of rights not open to them before the 1850s. This meant that, although in some areas such as the vote, political rights and many job respects they were treated as less than the men, they were not completely treated as second-class citizens. The fact that they were viewed as second-class citizens in some respects shows, in my opinion, nothing but human nature as every being looks down on something, in this case, the men looked down on the women and the women looked down on the children who had even less rights than they. This is still true nowadays as humans, even though we are now largely equal, look down on people of different nationalities, race, religion, colour etc and also humans look down on animals which in turn look down on each other for example; the lion is the king of the jungle so it probably looks down on the tigers etc. This is just the nature of living creatures so in my opinion, women were not treated too badly in 1900 and have come a long way since then.